CAMLPR Chemistry Practice Test

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• Which urinary sediment element is described as a white blood cell cast, often with leukocyte esterase positivity?
• Which substance is described as amorphous phosphates that do not redissolve in alkaline urine?
• A patient presents with blurred vision, extreme fatigue, numbness in hands, insatiable thirst, hunger, and polyuria with uOSMO 700 mOsm/kg and positive glucose in urine. What is the likely diagnosis?
• In suspected plasma cell dyscrasia, electrophoresis is used to detect which abnormal protein?
• A patient presents with severe gout, kidney problems, poor muscle control, and mild mental retardation along with high uric acid. What is the most likely disorder?
• For a legal blood specimen, what must be avoided during disinfection?
• A VBG is ordered with calcium; what collection considerations prevent false analysis?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of a positive nitrite result in urine dipstick testing?
• Which reagent detects white blood cells on a urine dipstick, and what can cause interference?
• Which electrode is used to measure pH?
• Which crystal is most commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?
• What does TCHOL stand for?
• Which analyte shows binaural variation with AM levels higher than PM levels?
• Which hormone from the pituitary stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex in response to stress?
• In congestive heart failure, which analyte decreases?
• Which statement best differentiates iCAL from TCAL?
• In diabetes mellitus, which urine analyte would be inc?
• Which serum parameter is commonly elevated in diabetes mellitus and used for diagnostic assessment?
• During a Guthrie newborn screening for phenylketonuria, growth of Bacillus subtilis around the disk indicates which condition?
• Glucose measurement may be affected by icodextrin. What kind of error can icodextrin cause in Trinder's glucose oxidase readings?
• Which electrode is used to measure potassium (K+)?
• Which is NOT a reported analytical concern for lipid measurements?
• Which urinary sediment element is a granular cast typically seen with protein positivity?
• LDH ordered for a specimen. Which factors can cause incorrect results?
• In metabolic alkalosis, which changes would be observed in the listed analytes?
• Which diagnostic test result most strongly supports cystic fibrosis in this context?
• In suspected meningitis, which analyte would be ordered and how would it appear in CSF?
• In acute pancreatitis, which enzyme is more specific for diagnosis?
• In suspected diabetes mellitus, which urine analyte would be increased?
• What is the osmolality range of serum compared to urine?
• CK ordered for a specimen. Which factors can cause incorrect results?
• Prolonged tourniquet application may cause a false increase in which analyte?
• In suspected diabetic ketoacidosis, which urine analyte would be increased?
• How are TRIG and CHOL analyzed?
• A patient sample results are as follows: LDH 700 U/L, AST 100 U/L, K+ 8.2, iCAL 1.60, Fe 40, ALT 66, T4 5pmol/L. What do you report?
• If a sample is to be shipped out to a reference lab, how should it be stored?
• Which element corresponds to transitional cells in urine?
• Which of the following lists reflects the plasma/serum changes seen in suspected secondary hyperparathyroidism?
• Which test is used to confirm that synovial fluid is indeed synovial fluid by observing hyaluronic acid clot formation?
• Amorphous urates in urine are typically found in which pH and what happens to them when heated?
• How is serum osmolality calculated?
• Which other analyte is affected by high triglyceride levels besides chloride?
• Which item could be detected in urine as a drug and is not a typical sediment element?
• Which of the following are stress hormones that oppose insulin and increase blood glucose?
• Beta-gamma bridging on electrophoresis is most associated with which liver condition?
• A dipstick showing 4+ protein in urine most likely indicates what finding in a general clinical setting?
• How is glucose measured?
• A patient has GLU 8.9 mmol/L and Sweat Osmolality 70 mmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• In a critically ill patient with TSH 2.0 mIU/L, FT4 8 pmol/L, FT3 1.5 pmol/L, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which statement best describes a hallmark metabolic abnormality in Fanconi's syndrome?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between CPU, RAM, and ROM in a computer used for laboratory information systems?
• Which compound forms calcium carbonate in alkaline urine?
• What does the orange color in a standing plasma test indicate?
• Which analyte can only be run on serum (gold top) tubes?
• In pregnancy, which analyte is increased and used as a pregnancy marker?
• A lipid panel was done for a patient with TCHOL 6.20 mmol/L, HDL 1.00 mmol/L, TRIG 6.00 mmol/L, LDL 4.30 mmol/L. Is this patient at risk?
• Urinalysis shows TYROSINE PRESENT and LEUCINE PRESENT with BILIRUBIN 2+ and UROBILIN 0.2. What condition is most supported by these findings?
• A patient with a sharp monoclonal spike in the gamma region, anemia-like symptoms, elevated ESR, very viscous plasma, and rouleaux in the CBC most likely has which condition?
• Which enzyme is commonly used to differentiate pancreatitis from other conditions in laboratory testing?
• Alkaptonuria is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• CHE or CHOLIN ordered for a specimen. Which factor can cause incorrect results?
• In a patient with muscle cramps and tetany after thyroid surgery, serum calcium is low, phosphate is high, and magnesium is low with decreased urinary calcium and phosphate. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• Which analyte is affected by icterus and is a cardiac biomarker?
• If an add-on LDH test is requested on a cold-stored sample, what should you do?
• Which of the following can cause a falsely decreased potassium result?
• CSF findings: Glucose 4.0 mmol/L, Protein 1.00 g/L, Lactate 2.0 mmol/L. Most likely diagnosis?
• What is a stimulation test?
• A positive FOB test most strongly suggests the possibility of which condition?
• Which compound forms calcium phosphate in alkaline urine?
• Which substance forms amorphous phosphates in alkaline urine that do not redissolve?
• What is a delta check in laboratory testing?
• Which of the following lists reflects the plasma/serum changes seen in suspected primary hyperparathyroidism?
• A specimen has UREA ordered. What are potential interferences causing false results?
• Which analyte is affected by a centrifugation delay beyond 4 hours?
• Another patient with FBS 5.1, RBS 6.2, 2h OGTT 7.5. What is this?
• Which factor can cause falsely elevated potassium results?
• A specimen collected at 09:00 and results delta observed in several analytes. Why did this happen?
• Freezing point depression is used to measure osmolality when volatile substances are suspected. Which statement describes the method?
• Which compound is ammonium biurate typically found in alkaline urine?
• A patient has K+: 3.0 mmol/L; URIC: 50 μmol/L; Urinalysis: GLU POS; PROT 2+. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which cast type is broad and waxy, commonly associated with chronic urinary stasis?
• In respiratory acidosis, which changes would be observed in the listed analytes?
• Which finding indicates starch contamination in a urine sample?
• In hepatic jaundice, which analyte is decreased?
• A newborn presents with liver damage and a urine succinylacetone test result greater than 600 umol/L. What does this indicate?
• CA-125 is most commonly linked to which cancer?
• Given the following results: sCREA 175 μmol/L; uCREA 3.8 mmol/d; Creatinine Clearance 0.32 mL/s; eGFR 20 mL/min; URIC 500 μmol/L. What is the most likely clinical interpretation?
• Which analyte is severely affected when contaminated with ammonia?
• Which pattern on electrophoresis is most commonly seen with cirrhosis?
• Following a throat infection, a patient presents with facial puffiness and mild hypertension. Urinalysis shows red color, protein 1+, blood 3+, RBC casts present. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• In the osmolality calculation, which substance is multiplied by two?
• Which statement best describes the difference between Paget's disease and Hodgkin's disease regarding ALP and LDH?
• Lead exposure is most commonly associated with which finding?
• Which laboratory marker is most sensitive for indicating alcohol use?
• Which analytes would be ordered for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and what would the expected results be?
• Which diagnosis is most consistent with hsTROP 40 ng/L, CK-MB 15 ug/L, and Myoglobin 120 ug/L?
• Which analyte affected by light exposure is a vitamin A form?
• Which enzyme is used to measure glucose in urine strips, and what interference can cause a false positive?
• Which of the following lists reflects the plasma/serum changes associated with Paget's disease?
• When Lipase (LIP) is ordered on a specimen, which factor could cause a false result?
• Which reaction detects urobilinogen on urine dipsticks?
• An albumin value of 32 g/L corresponds to which interpretation?
• If a patient has remained supine for 8 hours, which analyte would be affected?
• Which compound is a calcium phosphate salt found in alkaline urine?
• What is a prostate cancer marker?
• Which two analytes are decreased in suspected Vitamin D deficiency?
• If a lipid panel is ordered, what analytes must be analyzed after a 12-hour fast?
• CA 15-3, CA 27.29 are tumor markers most commonly used to monitor which cancer?
• Fatty casts in urine are most characteristic of which condition?
• What is autoverification in a clinical laboratory context?
• Which acid is used to acidify urine for Ca, Mg, or PHOS testing?
• Which substance is commonly described as triple phosphate appearing in alkaline urine?
• Which pattern best fits hyperaldosteronism (Conn's disease)?
• A specimen was about to be transferred to an additional tube for testing when the phone rings. The technologist returns and processes the sample 20 minutes later. Some results show CO2 19, iCAL 1.10, PHOS 0.70. Why did so many results delta?
• Which finding in urine is most closely associated with Trichomonas vaginitis?
• Which cast type is described as broad and waxy, often signaling long-standing urinary stasis?
• A patient presents with bone pain, weight loss, and laboratory evidence including plasma cells in the bone marrow, elevated calcium, and proteinuria. Which disorder is most likely?
• Which enzyme deficiency causes maple syrup urine disease?
• An estimated GFR of 20 mL/min indicates which stage of chronic kidney disease?
• If a urine specimen cannot be analyzed promptly, what is the maximum recommended time for analysis at room temperature?
• Which substance is found in urine under acidic conditions?
• A venous blood gas shows Anion Gap 20 mmol/L, Cl- 112 mmol/L, K+ 5.3 mmol/L, pH 7.18, HCO3- 14 mmol/L, pCO2 28 mmHg. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• Which enzyme is most elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
• Which electrode is used to measure pCO2?
• What is the purpose of a sample or reagent blank?
• Which method is typically used to analyze creatinine (CREA) in laboratory tests?
• In chromatography, adsorption chromatography is primarily based on which property?
• Which element refers to squamous epithelial cells seen with bacterial vaginitis in urine?
• Which diagnosis is most likely given WBC casts in urine and moderate bacteria?
• A patient presents with tendonitis, xanthomas, arcus. What is your first assumption of disease?
• A venous blood gas shows K+ 3.2 mmol/L, pH 7.50, pCO2 28 mmHg, HCO3- 21 mmol/L. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• In MS suspicion, which analyte increases?
• How do you calculate the anion gap?
• A patient had a lipid panel with TCHOL 5.75 mmol/L, HDL 1.30 mmol/L, TRIG 4.00 mmol/L, LDL 3.90 mmol/L. Is this patient at risk?
• Which temperature should urine samples be stored at if analysis is delayed?
• In serum protein electrophoresis, what is the correct top-to-bottom order of bands?
• Which enzyme is elevated in post-hepatic jaundice?
• Which Westguard rule is listed as indicating a random (precision-based) error?
• In Paget's disease, which enzyme marker is markedly elevated?
• What analyte is affected by ascorbic acid?
• For suspected Multiple Sclerosis, which analyte changes would be observed?
• In pregnancy, which analyte is commonly used as a pregnancy marker?
• If glomerulonephritis is suspected, which analytes would be affected and how would they appear?
• A patient has UREA: 10.0 mmol/L and CREA: 100 μmol/L. What is the most likely interpretation?
• In hypothyroidism, which analyte decreases?
• Which potassium values are considered critical?
• Which Westguard rule indicates a systemic (accuracy-based) error?
• Which statement about albumin measurement bias using bromcresol Green is true?
• Which mechanism is used to detect blood on a urine dipstick, and what can falsely elevate the result?
• Suspected Cushing's disease would cause which analyte to increase?
• In compensated metabolic acidosis, which combination of analyte changes would you expect?
• Which analyte affected by hemolysis is a stress hormone?
• What is the reference range for serum calcium?
• A sweat osmolality of 70 mmol/L supports which diagnosis?
• Which of the following is a sulfanomide found in urine?
• A patient with markedly high platelets and white blood cells; what effect could this have on potassium measurements?
• Which urine finding is most consistent with nephrotic-range protein loss?
• Which factor could falsely increase the measured urobilinogen on a dipstick?
• Which disorder is associated with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency leading to emphysema?
• Which of the following lists accurately reflects the expected plasma/serum changes in suspected hypoparathyroidism?
• Urine protein strip tests mainly react with albumin; what range is expected and what interferences can occur?
• Urine findings indicating a urinary tract infection typically include which combination?
• Which abbreviation is used for ammonia in the notes?
• Which hematology-based disorder could be correlated to high serum iron?
• Which analyte is tested on EDTA tubes such as HgA1C in non-serum samples?
• In suspected pyelonephritis, which analyte would be affected and how?
• Which analyte is affected by high pyruvate levels?
• RBC casts are most indicative of damage to which part of the nephron?
• Presence of yeast in urine with white blood cells most likely indicates what?
• What is the reference range for potassium?
• Which amino acid is listed as found in acidic urine?
• In type I diabetes, what is the recommended treatment and what could happen if untreated?
• Which urinary cast type is often clear and may be seen with proteinuria, despite being relatively protein-poor?
• Given the following laboratory and urinalysis results: K+: 5.5 mmol/L; Ca2+: 3.00 mmol/L; Phosphate: 1.60 mmol/L; Urea: 9.3 mmol/L; Ammonium: 70 µmol/L; Triglycerides: 2.4 mmol/L; Serum osmolality: 340 mOsm/kg; Urine albumin: 140 mg/L; Glucose: POS; Renal tubular epithelial cells: PRESENT; Broad casts: PRESENT; Waxy casts: PRESENT; Hyaline casts: 5-10/hpf. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• Granular Casts in urine sediment are most closely associated with which condition?
• Beta-gamma bridging on electrophoresis is most characteristic of which condition?
• In suspected coronary heart disease, which serum analyte would be increased?
• What is turbidimetry?
• What treatment is given for diabetes, and what could happen if left untreated?
• What is the normal range for random blood glucose?
• Which set of analyte changes would you expect for liver cirrhosis (hepatic jaundice)?
• Which change is commonly observed in renal failure?
• An ED patient with vomiting and diarrhea has a measured osmolality and urinalysis consistent with dehydration. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which hematology-based disorder could be correlated to low serum iron?
• Albumin measurement uses which approach with known biases?
• Uric acid crystals in urine are typically seen in which urine pH?
• Which antiepileptic drug is monitored by serum level in clinical practice?
• What is the role of the Parathyroid Hormone?
• In suspected gout, which analyte would typically be ordered and how would it be affected?
• Which diagnosis is most consistent with BNP 130 ng/L and NT-proBNP 230 pg/mL?
• A patient has URIC: 670 μmol/L and urinalysis shows Uric Acid: PRESENT. What is the likely diagnosis?
• A specimen has ALP ordered. Which factors could cause false results?
• Potassium reference range is reported in which unit?
• For a serum osmolality test, which factors could affect the readings?
• Which hormone raises blood glucose levels by increasing gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources)?
• Which cast is most commonly seen in concentrated urine with minimal cellular material?
• The pattern of Serum CORT decreased, Na+ low, K+ high, urine osmolality high suggests which condition?
• In evaluating high anion gap metabolic acidosis with low bicarbonate, which overdose should be considered?
• In ethylene glycol poisoning, which calcium oxalate form is commonly found in urine?
• Calcitonin effect on calcium levels?
• A patient with diffuse toxic goiter has TSH 0.1 mIU/L, FT4 30 pmol/L, FT3 10 pmol/L; which diagnosis is most likely?
• For Conn's disease suspicion, which specimen shows a potassium change and in what direction?
• The results include LDH: 300 U/L; Bilirubin: NEG; Blood: 2+; Urobilinogen: 2 Ehrlich units. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• AMM (NH3) is analyzed by which methods?
• Which chemistry analyte is associated with sodium citrate in non-serum tubes?
• Polydipsia and polyuria with serum Na 152 mmol/L, serum osmolality 310 mOsm/kg, urine Na 10 mmol/L, and urine osmolality 190 mOsm/kg indicate which disorder?
• In specimen handling, which condition can cause a false decrease in the measured analyte if the sample is not kept on ice slurry?
• Which of the following sets of analyte changes would be observed in Hodgkin's disease?
• Which feature favors a transudate over an exudate in serous effusion?
• Which statement about amorphous urates in urine is true?
• Mee's lines are associated with poisoning by which metal?
• Which action best prevents electrode malfunction in samples with high protein content?
• A patient has the following results: LDH 550 U/L; AST 90 U/L; ALT 120 U/L; ALP 400 U/L; AMM 60 umol/L; GGT 92 U/L; CHE 1000 U/L; UREA 2.0 mmol/L; CREA 105 umol/L; sOSMO 200 Osm/kg; Urinalysis: BIL 2+; UROBIL 4 Ehrlich unit; BILIRUBIN: PRESENT; TYROSINE: PRESENT; LEUCINE: PRESENT. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• Which handling practice can cause a falsely decreased TCO2 result?
• Which finding is most diagnostic of a urinary tract infection due to nitrate-reducing bacteria?
• Which method is used to measure osmolality when volatile substances are suspected?
• Which analyte shows a false increase with high triglyceride levels?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between accuracy and precision?
• GGT: 2 U/L; ALP: 15 U/L; TRIG: 1.9 mmol/L; Ca2+: 2.95 mmol/L; Mg: 3.00 mmol/L. What is the likely cause?
• Glycosuria (glucose in urine) is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which preanalytical factor is associated with falsely increased phosphate results?
• Which electrode is used for fluoride (F-) and chloride (Cl-) measurements?
• Which element corresponds to leukocytes in urine?
• In suspected acute pancreatitis, which analytes would be ordered and how would they be affected?
• Which urinary sediment element refers to renal tubular epithelial cell casts?
• Which method is used for the analysis of total protein (TP)?
• According to the ranges, a random blood glucose value above which level is diagnostic of diabetes?
• Wilson's disease is associated with abnormal handling of which metal?
• In suspected meningitis, which fluid would be examined to detect protein changes?
• Which type of jaundice is characterized by elevated indirect bilirubin with normal direct bilirubin?
• Which anticoagulant is preferred for accurate phosphate measurement?
• In a patient with bone pain and recurrent kidney stones, laboratory results show hypercalcemia with increased urinary calcium and phosphate excretion. The likely cause is:
• A patient has ALP 3500 U/L, ACP 5.0 ng/mL, Ca 3.10 mmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which compound is listed as found in acidic urine?
• LDH 630 U/L; CK 1500 U/L; CREA 130 umol/L; Urinalysis: BLOOD 1+. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• Which indicators are used to measure urine pH on dipstick tests, and what interference is common?
• Which Westguard rule among the following is used to indicate systemic error?
• In pancreatitis, which enzymes are typically elevated?
• Which analyte should be kept on ice and not analyzed at room temperature?
• Which element in urine is most likely to indicate sample contamination from the vaginal area?
• Which of the following best describes the analyte changes for suspected hemolytic anemia?
• Which analyte is affected by high glucose levels?
• A patient presents with severe dehydration and a serum glucose of 50 mmol/L. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Weight loss, increased appetite, tremor and goiter with labs showing TSH <0.01 mIU/L and FT4 38 pmol/L indicate which condition?
• In bile obstruction (post-hepatic jaundice), which analytes would be ordered and how would they be affected?
• What can cause false changes in urine specific gravity readings on dipstrip testing?
• In IV contamination, which of the following best describes the expected results?
• Which analyte is affected by icterus and is a gonadal hormone?
• Which plasma protein is primarily involved in clot formation and is converted to fibrin during coagulation?
• If you get an arterial blood gas and glucose is ordered, how will it differ from serum glucose levels?
• Which serum parameter would be increased in diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Which urine finding is expected in suspected renal failure for mALB?
• Which unit is used for the lipid measurements in the data?
• What is the effect of hemolysis on ALP measurement?
• Which compound is ammonium biurate typically found in alkaline urine?
• Calcitonin role?
• Describe how MALDI works.
• Renal tubular epithelial cells are present in urine with broad and waxy casts. This combination most strongly suggests which process?
• Which analyte has a higher concentration in plasma than serum?
• Bilirubin crystals in urine are most commonly found in which urine pH?
• Which pair correctly matches a cancer marker with its tissue?
• Which electrode is used to measure pO2?
• Which statement describes nephelometry?
• How are CSF tubes distributed for laboratory processing?
• Which condition is most likely given extremely low GGT and ALP with TRIG 1.9 mmol/L and Ca2+ 2.95 mmol/L?
• Which thyroid function pattern indicates hyperthyroidism?
• What is the reference range for serum sodium?
• Which crystal is characteristically seen in acidic urine and suggests a cystinuria disorder?
• Which analyte is affected by icterus?
• A patient presents with generalized edema, low albumin, high cholesterol, and urinary protein with oval fat bodies and fatty casts. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• GGT ordered for a specimen. Which factor can cause incorrect results?
• Which substance causes abnormal electrophoretic reactions such as precipitation at low temperatures?
• CSF findings: Glucose 1.2 mmol/L, Protein 0.80 g/L, Lactate 3.0 mmol/L. Most likely diagnosis?
• Which analyte is affected by lipemia/turbidity?
• Which statement is true for Addison's disease regarding analyte changes?
• In hepatic jaundice, which analytes would be ordered and what would be the expected results?
• Which statement best describes analytical specificity and sensitivity?
• LDH: 400 U/L; Urea: 10.0 mmol/L; Urinalysis: Hyaline casts 5-10/hpf. Which condition best fits these findings?
• If a venous blood gas sample is left at room temperature, which changes occur in the analytes?
• In Addison's disease with hyponatremia, what would you expect about serum osmolality?
• How is UREA tested?
• The systemic increase in acute-phase proteins due to inflammation is called what?
• Which element in urine is used to describe renal tubular cells?
• A urinalysis shows Cloudy urine with Protein 2+, Leukocytes 3+, Nitrite Positive, pH 8.0, WBCs >50/hpf, Granular Casts Present, Bacteria Many. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which serum protein electrophoresis pattern is typical of nephrotic syndrome?
• Which substance can cause a false negative BLOOD result on a dipstick?
• A venous blood gas shows K+ 5.4 mmol/L, pH 7.30, pCO2 60 mmHg, HCO3- 28 mmol/L. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• For suspected Vitamin D deficiency, which two analytes are ordered and how would they appear?
• Which urine finding is most consistent with nephrotic syndrome?
• Which analyte must be stored at 2-8C?
• In a 40-year-old patient who is obese with thirst, polyuria and uOSMO 800 mOsm/kg and urine pH 6.0, what is the likely diabetes type?
• Which substance is described as radiopaque dye associated with high SG urine?
• A patient presents with fatigue, headaches, blurred vision, and recurrent epistaxis; electrophoresis shows a monoclonal spike of IgM. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• What analyte is monitored in treatment of seizures?
• Anion Gap: 21 mmol/L; URIC: 35 μmol/L; pCO2: 20; pHCO3: 14. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which serous fluid characteristics indicate a transudate?
• Which enzyme is most diagnostic for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
• Which statement describes the recommended handling for Ca, Mg, PHOS testing in urine?
• CA 19-9 is most commonly elevated in cancer of which organ?
• A creatinine clearance of 0.32 mL/s corresponds to approximately how many mL/min?
• Arsenic exposure is classically associated with which finding?
• In hepatocellular liver disease, which analyte would be ordered and what would be the expected result?
• To prevent false analysis when Na+ and Cl- are ordered, which precaution is recommended?
• For magnesium testing, which statement is true about preanalytical handling?
• A patient with TSH 60 mIU/L, FT4 5 pmol/L, FT3 3.0 pmol/L; which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which finding is most characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis and involves deposition of small, rounded synovial nodules?
• Which tumor marker is most commonly elevated in pancreatic cancer?
• Which statement about potassium regulation is true?
• Na 160 mmol/L, K+ 6.8 mmol/L, Ca 1.5 mmol/L, Fe 4 µmol/L. What happened?
• Which analyte is affected by both ammonia contamination and ascorbic acid interference?
• What is the reference range of chloride in serum?
• When Amylase (AMY) is ordered on a specimen, which factor could cause a false result?
• A child with chicken pox develops vomiting, confusion, seizures, and coma. Ammonia is elevated. What is suspected?
• To what pH should urine be acidified for Ca, Mg, PHOS testing?
• In the Biuret method for total protein, what is formed when peptide bonds react with copper II sulfate under alkaline conditions?
• Calcitriol role?
• Which urinary sediment element is a red blood cell cast?
• Ketone tests on urine strips use which reagent, and under which conditions can a false positive occur?
• A newborn has black pigmentation around the ears and eyes and black urine. This is indicative of which metabolic disorder?
• AMY: 70 U/L. What is the likely cause?
• Which condition is associated with elevated CORT levels?
• Which profile best describes the analyte changes associated with alcoholism?
• Presence of WBC casts in urine most strongly suggests which condition?
• Calcitriol effect on mineral absorption?
• Calcium oxalate crystals in urine are typically seen in which pH?
• In a hyperthyroid patient, which lipid parameter is decreased?
• Which methodologies use reflectance spectrophotometry, indicating the analyte is determined based on the angle of the light reflection?
• Which method is considered the reference method for measuring glucose?
• Which element reflects the presence of ova in urine?
• LDL calculation is not possible when triglycerides are high due to presence of chylomicrons.
• Which condition causes a false negative on ketone testing in urine (Sodium Nitroprusside) strips?
• Which type of urinary cast is associated with renal failure?
• Which substance is calcium carbonate detected in alkaline urine?
• In synovial fluid analysis, what does the string test assess?
• Which substances can cause a false decrease in Trinder's glucose oxidase readings?
• Which statement best differentiates Paget's disease from Hodgkin's disease based on ALP and LDH?
• Which compound is triple phosphate formed in alkaline urine?
• Which chemical reaction is used on urine dipsticks to detect nitrites?
• Basophilic stippling with elevated ALA and FEP is most characteristic of exposure to which metal?
• Which CSF profile is most typical of bacterial meningitis?
• A newborn with symptoms consistent with maple syrup urine disease; DNPH test shows yellow and amino acids leucine/isoleucine/valine high. What is the underlying enzyme deficiency?
• Which element is described simply as mucous in urine?
• A patient has the following results: ALB: 10 mol/L; AST: 120 U/L; ALT: 100 U/L; CHE: 1500 U/L. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• Which finding in synovial fluid is most indicative of rheumatoid arthritis?
• Bilirubin testing can yield a false negative due to which of the following during dipstick testing?
• If nephrotic syndrome is suspected, which analyte changes would be expected?
• Which marker would be used to screen for prostate cancer?
• Which element is commonly described as transitional cells in urine findings?
• Which immunoglobulin is typically elevated in Waldenström macroglobulinemia?
• In hyperthyroidism, which of the following changes would you expect in plasma/serum analytes?
• Urinalysis shows glucose 2+, protein 1+, ketones 3+ in a patient with elevated glucose. Which condition is most supported by these findings?
• If hypothyroidism is suspected, which analyte changes would you expect?
• Which statement about bilirubin testing is correct and uses diazo reaction and icotest for confirmation?
• When can LDL not be calculated?
• Which urinary sediment element is a waxy cast typically associated with protein positivity?
• If a patient is suspected to have Conn's disease, which analyte would be ordered and how would it appear?
• Bilirubin testing in urine dipstick uses which reaction, and which interferences can occur?
• If a specimen has K+ ordered, which of the following constitutes the comprehensive set of pre-analytical factors that can cause improper results?
• Which statement best describes the combined effects of PTH, calcitonin, and calcitriol on calcium homeostasis?
• What analyte is monitored in treatment of manic-depressive, or bipolar, mental disorders?
• A patient has the following laboratory results: GLU 10.0 mmol/L, AMY 400 U/L, LIP 500 U/L, TRIG 2.1 mmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• After acidification, how long should the urine sit before testing Ca/Mg/PHOS?
• What is the reference range for albumin (ALB) in plasma?
• What is the reference range for serum phosphate?
• Which analyte is affected by hemolysis?
• Which serous fluid condition is suggested by turbid, bloody with TP > 30 g/L, PRO > 0.5 g/L, LDH > 0.6, CHOL > 1.2, SG > 1.015?
• Which element is renal tubular cells in urine?
• In suspected acute pancreatitis, which enzyme is the gold standard for diagnosis?
• In a lipemic sample measured for Na+ by indirect ISE, the reported Na+ is most likely which artifact?
• Which statement about hyperthyroidism is true according to the listed analyte changes?
• If an air bubble is trapped in a venous blood gas, which pattern best describes the effect on analytes?
• Which practice can cause a false decrease in TCO2 if not managed?
• In synovial fluid analysis, what does a failure of the string test indicate?
• Which demyelinating disease of the central nervous system commonly presents with optic neuritis and a relapsing-remitting course?
• Which analyte is affected in children according to the material?
• Copper exposure is most commonly associated with which finding?
• If a urine specimen cannot be analyzed promptly, which storage condition is recommended before testing for Ca, Mg, or PHOS?
• RBC casts present in the urine and there is red urine; which condition is most suggested?
• Partition chromatography separates components primarily based on what property?
• Which diagnosis best matches the scenario of severe hyperglycemia with dehydration but no ketones?
• Which statement accurately describes diurnal variation of CORT?
• A pattern with Na 148, K 2.9, Cl 108, serum osmolality 300; Urine K 60, Cl 20, Na 148, urine osmolality 650. This pattern is most consistent with which condition?
• Which lipoprotein is reported as increased in coronary heart disease risk assessment?
• Which pattern is most consistent with SIADH?
• Urinalysis with GLU 2+, PRO 1+, KET 3+ in the context of hyperglycemia and acidosis most strongly suggests which condition?
• Which abbreviation is used for alanine transaminase in the notes?
• Anion gap 20 mmol/L with pH 7.18 and HCO3- 14 suggests which pattern?
• In hemolytic anemia (pre-hepatic jaundice), which analytes would be ordered and how would they be affected?
• K+: 3.0 mmol/L; GLU: 9.3 mmol/L; CORT (AM): 990 nmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which specimen collection tube is associated with the potential for erroneous uric acid results due to additives?
• Turbidimetry versus nephelometry: which statement is true?
• In compensated respiratory alkalosis, which analyte would be decreased?
• Which factors influence the rate of electrophoretic migration of proteins?
• LDH: 600 U/L; CK: 400 U/L; AST: 85 U/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which of the following lists correctly reflects the expected plasma/serum changes in a patient with suspected renal failure?
• Tyrosinemia type I results from deficiency of which enzyme?
• Which two syndromes show elevated unconjugated bilirubin with normal direct bilirubin?
• Which profile is expected when a patient is suspected of alcoholism?
• Anemia or hemochromatosis is associated with which metal?
• Which condition is associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (direct bilirubin) with normal indirect?
• What is the reference range for total protein (TP) in plasma?
• Urinalysis showing renal tubular epithelial cells with broad casts indicates which of the following?
• Mercury exposure is most likely to cause which of the following?
• In nephrotic syndrome, which analyte is not increased?
• Which statement about glomerulonephritis is accurate regarding blood analytes?
• Which analyte is affected by hemolysis and is a common marker of energy metabolism?
• A patient being evaluated for suspected diabetes has FBS 6.5 mmol/L, RBS 9.7 mmol/L, and 2h OGTT 10.0 mmol/L. What is this?
• What is the reference range for serum TCO2?
• Which statement best differentiates iCAL from TCAL?
• In a laboratory workflow, what is reflex testing?
• Which hormone lowers blood glucose by increasing glycolysis (glucose breakdown)?
• Size exclusion chromatography separates components based on which property?
• A sample arrives with GLU 24.8 mmol/L, TP 33 g/L, Na 128 mmol/L, K 2.1 mmol/L. What is this indicative of?
• The presence of which organism in the urine is most closely associated with vaginitis?
• In a standing plasma test, how do you know what analyte is what?
• Iron status is associated with which finding?
• Which urinary sediment element is typically a clear, colorless cast composed mainly of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
• A venous blood gas shows pH 7.52, Cl- 90 mmol/L, K+ 3.1 mmol/L, pCO2 48 mmHg, and pCO3 34 mmol/L. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• Ion exchange chromatography separates components primarily by which property?
• A patient has the following results: AST 90 U/L; GGT 290 U/L; LIP 490 U/L; CREA 130 umol/L; Urinalysis: BIL 1+; UROBIL 0.2 Ehrlich unit. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• A patient had a lipid panel with TCHOL 4.90 mmol/L, HDL 1.60 mmol/L, TRIG 1.40 mmol/L, LDL 3.30 mmol/L. Is this patient at risk?
• A patient presents with fatigue, back pain, and recurrent infections; labs show high calcium and a monoclonal spike by electrophoresis. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• In SIADH, which combination of serum osmolality and urine osmolality is most typical?
• Which of the following is a hallmark metabolic abnormality in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
• In nephrotic syndrome, which pattern is observed on electrophoresis?
• In obstructive jaundice, which urinalysis finding would you expect?
• What is a suppression test?
• Which disorder typically presents with a sharp monoclonal spike in the gamma region and hyperviscosity?
• In Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, which analytes would be ordered and what would be the expected results?
• A patient with suspected diabetes has FBS 8.0 mmol/L, RBS 12.0 mmol/L, 2h OGTT 14.0 mmol/L. What is the diagnosis?
• How does accuracy differ from precision?